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* Document based on CCPFH's "Skills Guide for Fish Harvesters" and terminology found on Government Websites and Industry Partners
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A
abundance - the number of fish that make up a stock
advisory committees - these committees bring together fishermen, processors, scientists, fishery managers, and other federal and provincial officials to advise DFO on conservation and management.
age class - all of the fish in a stock that are a particular age, such as all the 3-year-olds.
age composition - every normal stock has many age classes in it, that is, it has fish of many different ages. Age composition means the proportion of the fish at different ages in the stock or in the catches.
allowance - see: quota management.
anadromous fish - fish species that return to their spawning rivers from the ocean at certain seasons to breed in fresh water.
area of historical fishing - refers to a fishing area where a fisher has participated in fisheries during a period of not less than 24 months unless a longer period is provided into a management plan.
authorized overlap - refers to those specific areas beyond home sectors where fishers restricted to using groundfish vessels less than 19.8 m (65') LOA are permitted to continue fishing as a result of their home port being located in the extremities of their sector in 1981 specifically:
Home Port Division 4T
=
Authorized Overlap 4Vn
B
banding - a strong elastic is placed around the claws of live lobster for safe handling and to preserve quality.
bar graph - a pictorial diagram showing the relationship between two variables and taking the form of a bar. This graph allows for the comparison of different measurements.
berried lobster - a female with eggs under her tail. Under Canadian law, these lobsters must be returned to the water.
biology - fisheries biology is the science that tries to understand how fish live and behave.
biomass - the total weight of fish in a stock, added together.
breadth - for the purpose of determining Cubic Number, is the external, maximum horizontal distance measured across the vessel between perpendiculars erected at the extreme width of the vessel. This measurement excludes all appendages and trimming such as side fenders and rubbing strakes.
brine - salt water used to cushion and insulate a whole cooked lobster in a cello sleeve (a "popsicle pack").
Brix index - an index highly correlated to the protein levels present in lobster blood. This index is measured via a Brix refractometer which is actually designed to measure sugar contents in liquids by assessing the refractivity of the light in the sample of liquid assessed. Although Brix refractometers are not designed to measure blood proteins, the Brix index (for sugar) is highly correlated to protein levels, and therefore, Brix refractometers are a inexpensive alternative to the traditional refractometers used in human or veterinary medicine.
C
CAFSAC - the Canadian Atlantic Fisheries Scientific Advisory Committee, now replaced by the Fisheries Resource Conservation Council (FRCC).
canners - a small lobster, weighing approximately 170 to 454 grams (½ to 1 lb.)
carapace - lobster body shell, measured from the back of the eye socket to the end of the shell to determine legal size.
carapace length (cl) - the carapace length is a measure of the size of the lobster. It is measured in millimeters, from the back of the eye socket to the end of the carapace, on the back of the lobster. The carapace length is the size measurement used for regulation purposes.
catch - generally, this means the amount of fish caught and landed.
catch-at-age - the numbers of fish in each age class in the catch taken from one stock, for example 100,000 fish at age 6.
catch per unit of effort (CPUE) - catch rate - this means how much fish you catch with a fixed amount of fishing with the same type of gear. For example, this could be pounds of fish per otter trawl tow, or pounds of fish per hundred hooks.
CCPFH - the Canadian Council of Professional Fish Harvesters is a permanent, national, non-profit body founded in 1995 by Canada’s fish harvester organizations to assist in the professionalization of the fishing industry.
central tendency - that middle point or area where an array of measurements or observations tend to group themselves.
certification board - means a board established under provincial legislation for the certification of professional fishers.
chixs (chickens) - lobster weighing approximately 454-500 grams (1.0 - 1 1/8 lb.)
circle - a geometric figure made up of a set of points, every one of which is equally distant from another point - the centre.
circle graph - a graph in the form of a circle that show the relationship of the size of the parts to the whole and to each other. Often referred to a “pie chart.”
circumference - the measurement (or distance “around”); the length of a circle.
coastal fisher - means a fisher, who is not part of a core enterprise and who holds at least one key commercial non-vessel based licence. Key commercial non-vessel based licences for the three Administrative Areas of the Gulf Region are as follows:
- Eastern New Brunswick: Clams, eel, gaspereau, oysters, smelt;
- Gulf Nova Scotia: Clams, eel, gaspereau, oysters, smelt;
- Prince Edward Island: Clams, eel, marine plants, oysters, smelt.
cohort - See Year class.
cohort analysis - one type of Sequential Population Analysis, or SPA.
cold pack - frozen lobster meat, packed in cans, not retorted. Frozen storage is required.
complex documents - those documents which require one to see relationships between and among variables and to draw logical conclusions.
conservation harvesting plan - generally, a one-year plan determining the total-allowable-catch, quotas and harvesting methods etc. for specific commercial fish species. The final plan emerges from the work of a multi-disciplinary advisory committee which reviews information from Stock Status Reports and then makes recommendation regarding implementation.
coral - internal roe or eggs of a female lobster.
core enterprise - means a fishing unit composed of a fisher (head of enterprise), registered vessel(s) and the licences he holds and which has been designated as such in 1996 under the following criteria:
Aboriginal Organization is considered as a Core Enterprise for the purpose of this policy.
For Bonafide fishers
Have Bonafide status; and hold one key licence.
Key licences are snow crab, lobster "A", groundfish (but not handline), scallop, tuna and herring.
For non-bonafide fishers
Hold either two key licences, or one key licence and have fished for a full season with minimum landings of $25,000 from his own licences for two of the years 1993, 1994, 1995.
Key licences are shrimp, snow crab, lobster "A", groundfish ITQ only.
Licence holders who meet the eligibility criteria for the Atlantic Groundfish Strategy (TAGS) may use the TAGS qualifying years instead.
crusher - the larger of the two claws of a lobster.
cull - a lobster with one or no claws, normally sold at a lower price.
D
data - the term can be defined as facts about a given population, usually based on observations or measurements, from which we can draw conclusions.
dependent variable - the measurement that responds to or depends on changes in the independent variable, and is recorded on the y- axis.
depth - for the purpose of determining Cubic Number, is the vertical distance measured at the half-length point on the centre line of the vessel between the top of the uppermost continuous deck, to the top of the keel or rabbet line, whichever is greater. For open vessels, the depth shall be determined as 85 percent of the distance measured between the gunwale and the top of the keel or rabbet line.
descriptive statistics - that branch of statistics that is concerned with collecting and describing data.
deuces - lobsters weighing 900-1135 grams
(2-2.5 lb.)
DFO - the Department of Fisheries and Oceans – the federal body that governs and regulates all fishing activity for the coastal waters of Canada.
DFO Administrative Areas - means the portions of the Gulf Region established for the purpose of administering departmental programs. They are Eastern New Brunswick Area, Gulf Nova Scotia Area and Prince Edward Island Area.
diameter - a straight line between two points on a circle and which goes through the centre of the circle, dividing the circle into two equal areas.
discards - the discards are the fish thrown back into the water after they are caught.
division - DFO often separates stocks or quotas by fishing divisions, as shown on the NAFO map.
document use - the ability to read and utilize documents that are complex, in particular those which require ability to recognize, analyze and interpret data and information presented in unfamiliar ways.
E
enterprise allocation (EA) - a quota of catch from a particular stock, allocated to one company to catch whenever it will be best for their business.
equilibrium yield - this means the yield or catch that would be taken every year by a certain amount of fishing effort, if the effort was kept steady year after year until the stock was in balance (or in "equilibrium") with the fishing effort.
escapement - this term is generally used in the salmon and similar fisheries, and not in groundfish management. It means the number of fish escaping the fishery and reaching the spawning grounds.
essential skills - those abilities that are fundamental to all learning, e.g. reading, writing, numeracy, thinking, document use, oral communication, working with others, computer use.
estuarial fisher - means a fisher who holds only non-key commercial non-vessel based licences.
exploitation rate - generally this means the percentage of fish in the fishable stock which are caught.
F
F - "F" stands for the fishing mortality rate in a particular stock: that is, the proportion of the fishable stock that is being caught.
Fmax - the fishing mortality that would give maximum yield-per-recruit. In theory, this would give the maximum catch year after year. Fmsy - the fishing mortality that would give the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) year after year. Fmax and Fmsy are almost the same idea.
2/3Fmsy (pronounced "two-thirds F.M.S.Y.") - two-thirds of the fishing mortality that would give Maximum Sustainable Yield.
F0.1 (pronounced "F. Oh. Point. One.") - usually, for groundfish, pelagic, and some shellfish fisheries, Canada uses the fishing mortality target called F0.1. Broadly speaking, it is a similar idea to fishing at 2/3Fmsy, or to fishing at Optimum Sustainable Yield. The aim of fishing at F0.1 is to ensure both conservation and profitable fishing.
*For most groundfish stocks, fishing at F0.1 generally means catching about 20 fish of every 100, or two fish of every 10.
fishable stock - see: Biomass.
fisheries conservation - aspect of the management of the fisheries resource which ensures that its use is sustainable and which safeguards its ecological processes and genetic diversity for the maintenance of the resource. Fisheries conservation ensures that the fullest sustainable advantage is derived from the resource and that the resource base is maintained.
fishing effort - this is a measure of the amount of fishing. It is usually recorded in units like "boat days" or "trap hauls."
fishing license - a legal instrument from DFO that grants permission to a fish harvester to harvest certain species of fish subject to the conditions attached to the license.
fishing mortality - the death of fish caused by fishing. The "fishing mortality rate" is the proportion of the fish in the stock, killed each year by the fishery. (See also: 'F'.)
food chain - transformation of food energy from the sun to plants and to other animals in a series (one-dimensional interpretation). See food web.
food web - the transformation of energy between all organisms. A food web is similar to a food chain, except that it is multidimensional, involving composed of several interdependent food chains.
FRCC - Fisheries Resource Conservation Council. This government-industry body created in 1993 will act as a "Board of Directors" for fishery conservation.
FSRS - Fishermen and Scientists Research Society, formed 15 years ago in Nova Scotia, as a cooperative initiative between scientists and fish harvesters to conduct and review collaborative fisheries science.
frequency distribution - the number of times that a measurement, observation or number occurs in a collection of data.
G
grandfather clause - refers to an exemption to policy authorized on the basis of historic activity or procedure. Such an exemption expires when a replacement fishing licence is issued to another individual.
graph - a pictorial diagram that shows the relationship between two variables.
groundfish - see Species. As defined by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, includes Cod, Haddock, Pollock, Cusk, halibut, and other flatfishes, and redfish.
growth rate - this means how fast the fish put on weight.
guano - mass of excrements or manure of seabirds.
Gulf Region - means the DFO Administrative Region, which is responsible for administering departmental programs for Eastern New Brunswick, Gulf Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.
H
habitat - where the fish lives; its "life-support" system. A combination of food, water, shelter, and space that responds to the needs of a species. The living space for security, shelter, food, and a place to have young.
halves - lobster weighing 680 to 800 grams
(1.5 to 1.75 lb.)
hard shell - a lobster whose shell has fully hardened after moulting. Hard-shelled lobsters yield
50-60% more meat than soft-shell or shedders.
high tide line - line that is normally reached by average high tide.
histogram - a graphic presentation of a frequency distribution of measurements or observations that uses rectangles of equal widths and whose height and area are in proportion to the number of times the measurement occurs.
historic overlap privilege - refers to those specific areas beyond home sectors where inshore fishers are permitted to continue fishing for groundfish as a result of participation for a two year period during the years 1978-1980. (This qualifying period was extended to the years 1980 and 1981 when it could be shown that commitments had been made to have a vessel replaced prior to 1980.)
holoplankton - animals that spend their whole lives as plankton.
home port - means that port identified by the fisher upon registration.
hot pack - canned lobster, retorted and shelf stable.
I
ICCAT - the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna. The organization oversees management of all tuna fisheries in the North Atlantic.
ICES - the International Council for the Exploitation of the Sea. An international science forum for European nations, founded in 1902.
ICNAF - the International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries. ICNAF lasted from 1949 to 1976.
IFMP - Integrated Fisheries Management Plan is an approach to fisheries management which brings together industry stakeholders to incorporate scientific, environmental, social, economic and cultural values. The resulting plans are designed to govern the harvesting of commercial fish species for relatively long-period of time, often for a 3 to 5-year period.
independent variable - a measurement variable that can be controlled or adjusted and whose value is marked in intervals along the x-axis.
individual quota - refers to an amount of fish from a specific stock allocated exclusively to a licence holder as a condition of licence.
inferential statistics - that branch of statistics which focuses on analysis of and Prediction from observable data.
inshore - refers to the fishing sector where fishers are restricted to using vessels less than 19.8m (65') LOA.
intertidal - area covered by water at high tide and exposed to the air at low tide.
interval scale - a “strong scale” wherein equal differences between points represent equal differences in the quantity being measured.
IQ, or Individual Quota - a catch quota assigned to a particular vessel. (See Quota management.)
J
JCP: Joint Projects Agreement - a cost-sharing arrangement between DFO and the fishing industry to pay for costs associated with enforcement and science-related activities.
jumbos - whole lobsters weighing more than 1135 grams (2.5 lb.)
Jumbos are graded as:
small (1135-1475 grams or 2.5-3.25 lb.)
medium (1475-2270 grams or 3.25-5lb.)
large (2270 grams + or over 5 lb.)
K
key licences - mean those licences referred to in the definitions of coastal fisher and core enterprise.
L
landings - see Catch.
larvae - immature form of an organism; does not resemble the adult.
length - for the purpose of determining Cubic Number, is the external, maximum horizontal distance measured between perpendiculars erected at the extreme ends of the vessel excluding all operational equipment and appendages.
length overall (LOA) - means the horizontal distance measured between perpendiculars erected at the extreme ends of the outside of the main hull of a vessel. Transom platforms extending beyond the stern of a vessel for the purposes of this policy will be considered part of the main hull of a vessel.
LFA - Lobster Fishing Area; regions in Atlantic Canada where lobster fishing is open at specific times of the year (seasons). The division into LFAs allows control of the harvest. Minimum size of lobsters also varies from area to area.
Licensing Authority - The Minister of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
life history - this means the birth and growth of the fish through the egg, larval, juvenile, and adult stages to eventual death; where they migrate; what they eat; and so on. (See Biology, Mortality, Recruitment.)
limited entry - for the purpose of the Fisheries Act, refers to those fisheries where the total number of licences is limited.
line graph - a line plotted along the x-axis and the y-axis showing the relationship between two variables.
littoral - associated to the seashore and the intertidal zone.
M
macroalgae - large algae or seaweed easily visible and discernible to the naked eye
markets - a size category for lobsters weighing 454 grams and up, usually destined for the live market.
Maximum Sustainable Yield, MSY - see Sustainable Yield.
Maximum Economic Yield, MEY - see Optimum Sustainable Yield.
mean - the arithmetic average that is found by summing the numbers or measurements and dividing by the number of measurements. OR - The mean is an arithmetic value that is computed by dividing the sum of a set of terms by the number of terms. The mean is often referred to as an average.
median - that middle value of an array of numbers above and below which there is an equal number of observations. OR - The median is a value in an ordered set of values below and above which there is an equal number of values. In other words, 50 % of the values are above and 50 % are below the median in an ordered dataset. The median is usually more useful than the mean when summarizing a dataset in which a few values are either very high or very low (eg A few jumbo lobsters in a crate of 1.5 lbs lobsters will bring the mean weight up but not the median).
meroplankton - animals that are temporary members of the plankton for the early parts of their lives
(as juvenile fish and eggs).
migration - group of sea organisms moving from one place to another with the change of the seasons.
mode - the number or measure of central tendency that occurs most frequently in a set of numbers or observations.
model - to a scientist, a model is just an idea of how things work, written in mathematical terms.
molt stage - the molt cycle can be differentiated into a series of five stages from A to E, based on physiological and changes in the composition and appearance of the shell. In this project, premolt stage refers to the sub-stages of Stage D of the molt stage which can be assessed by examining the tip of a pleopod (swimmeret) with a microscope. Stage A accounts for approximately 2% of the entire molt cycle, Stage B for 8%, Stage C accounts for 15 to 65 % while Stage D accounts for 25 to 75 %. Finally, Stage E lasts less than 0.01% of the entire molt cycle. Stage D is divided into five sub-stages, and is referred to as the premolt stage and accounts for 25 to 75% of the molt cycle
mortality - the death of fish. A measure of the proportion of the fish dying each year is called the "mortality rate." Scientists split the deaths of fish into those caused by fishing ("fishing mortality") and all the rest ("natural mortality").
mudflats - areas of fine sediment, often exposed at low tide, attracting shorebirds which come to feed on marine worms and molluscs.
N
NAFO - the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO) replaced ICNAF in 1977. NAFO considers advice from Canadian and other scientists, and recommends quotas for certain groundfish and other stocks that are either outside the 200-mile limit or straddle the line. It also gives advice on some Canadian stocks, such as silver hake, that are mostly fished by foreign vessels.
NASCO - the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization. This international organization was founded in 1982, to plan for the restoration and management of Atlantic salmon stocks.
natural mortality - the death of fish caused by anything but fishing (see Mortality). The "natural mortality rate" is the proportion of the fish that die of natural causes each year.
neap tide - tide that occurs at the first and last quarter of the moon and describes the lowest of the tide.
nearshore - area starting at the low tide mark and extending seaward to the 30 m depth contour.
nearshore zone - the deepest part of the euphonic zone. In the Maritimes' more turbid water, the nearshore rarely extends more than 30 metres in depth
non-core enterprise - means a fishing unit composed of a fisher (head of enterprise), registered vessel(s) and vessel-based licence(s) only, who does not meet the core or coastal eligibility criteria.
non-vessel based licences - mean licences other than those identified as vessel-based in Annex I of the Fisheries Act.
nominal catch - see Catch.
nominal scale - a scale that records or measures data that come from a category and cannot of itself be presented numerically.
numbers-at-age - this is a list of the numbers of fish in each age class of a stock, in a particular year.
O
oceanic - division of the pelagic zone where water depth is greater than 200 m.
offshore - submerged and relatively flat zone extending from the end of the nearshore zone to the edge of the continental shelf.
operculum - 1) bone covering over gill slits found in fish; 2) exoskeletal door that is used to close off a periwinkle shell when the animal is inside.
Optimum Sustainable Yield, or OSY - This is the best sustainable yield, for the purposes of the fishing industry and fisheries management. It has no hard and fast definition. In Canada, it is often considered to be the Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) or the yield when fishing at F0.1.
otolith - the earbone of the fish. The otoliths have rings on them like the rings on a tree-stump, but harder to count. They are used to find the age of the fish and its growth rate.
ordinal scale - one which measures the order or rank of persons, objects or an item of data.
overfishing - generally, this means catching so much fish that it reduces stock size and catches below desirable levels.
P
partial recruitment - this means the degree to which a year class has joined the adult or fishable stock.
pelagic - refers to the ocean surface or the open sea. See benthic.
pelagic environment - the water column; that is, all the water above the sea floor.
pelagic zone - the open ocean environment. Comprises the neritic province (depth 0 to 200 m) and the oceanic province (depth greater than 200 m).
phytoplankton - plants such as diatoms and dinoflagellates that are members of the plankton, floating in the water.
pincher claw - the smaller claw of the lobster.
plankton - small aquatic organisms that float in the upper layer of the water column and drift with the current.
population - any collection or group of persons, species, object from which data can be gathered and displayed in a measurable form.
population dynamics - a part of fisheries biology which studies the numbers of fish, and how their abundance changes.
popsicle pack - term used to describe a whole cooked lobster, packed in brine in a cello sleeve and frozen.
pound - a storage area for holding live lobsters.
predation - process of consuming another organism that involves the transfer of energy from one organism to another. The process that occurs in food chains.
Q
quadrant - a “quarter” of a circle; the area of a circle, formed by drawing two lines at 90 degrees to each other from the centre to points on the circle.
quarters - lobster weighing 570 to 680 grams
(1.25 to 1.5 lb.)
quota management - this means managing the fishery by specifying how much fish to take from the water, stock by stock.
R
radius - the line drawn from the centre of a circle to a point on the circumference of the circle.
random sample - an observation chosen in an unbiased manner from a population for measurement.
range - the difference between the smallest and largest measurement in a set of observations.
RAP (Regional Advisory Process) - a multi-disciplinary approach involving representatives from DFO, science, fish harvester organization and the fishing industry that reviews stock status reports and the implementation of a Conservation Harvesting Plans.
ratio scale - a scale where the order and size of the interval are important and where the measured relationship between two variables has meaning.
recruitment - when fish survive the egg, larval, and juvenile stages, and get big enough to be caught in the fishery, they are "recruited" to the fishable stock. The idea is the same as recruits joining a standing army.
red tide - tide caused by a dinoflagellate (algae), a member of the phytoplankton. Blooms of these organisms can cause a red coloration of the water. Shellfish that have fed on toxic phytoplankton are no longer safe for consumption.
relative frequency - a statistical term referring to the number of times a measurement occurs in relation to the total number of measurements. It is found by dividing the number of times the measurement occurs by the total number of observations
S
sample - a part of a wider population and which is representative of the characteristics of that population.
sample size - the number of lobsters assessed.
school - a body of fish swimming together. Some fishermen call a school a "bunch," "run," or "pod" of fish.
seasons - specific periods in the year when a particular area or region can be fished.
sea water - water with an average salinity of
35 ppt.
seaweed - algae that are visible to the eye and generally grow attached to a substrate.
selection - the way fishing gear selects fish, catching some but letting others go.
selects - lobster weighing 800 to 900 grams
(1.75 to 2.0 lbs.)
semi-diurnal tides - tides that have two highs and lows per 24 hours, which is the normal pattern for most of Eastern Canada.
Sequential Population Analysis, or SPA - This is a method used by scientists to figure out the past history and present abundance of a stock. (See also: Stock assessment.)
sex - sex is defined as either male, female or berried females (female lobster with eggs under their tails).
shedders - lobster in the moult or soft-shell stage of growth.
shell hardness - this parameter is a subjective assessment of how hard the lobster shell is. Shell hardness is recorded either soft, medium or hard. The characteristics for each category are as follows:
* soft -
carapace soft all over (A, B & C)
dorsal soft (A & B)
anterior dorsal soft (A)
posterior dorsal soft (B).
* medium:
soft ventral (C)
posterior soft or almost hard (B & C).
* hard:
hard (new or old shell)
soft shell - a lobster after it moults or sheds its hard shell to facilitate growth. During this soft-shell period, meat yield is low, and meat texture and flavour poor.
size limit - a minimum or maximum limit on the size of fish that may legally be caught.
skill - a practised ability to perform specific activities that through training and practice can be improved.
spawning areas - areas used by aquatic organisms for reproduction, such as gravel beds for fish.
spawning stock biomass - the total weight of sexually mature fish in the stock (See Biomass.)
species - the kind of fish. A group of organisms that actually (or potentially) interbreeds in nature and is reproductively isolated from all other such groups, i.e. the "groundfish" group includes such species as cod, haddock, or pollock; "pelagics" include such species as herring, capelin, and swordfish; "anadromous" include such species as salmon; "molluscs" include such species as clams and scallops; crustaceans include such species as lobsters and shrimps.
Standard Deviation (SD) - the standard deviation is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. Simply put, it measures how spread out the values in a data set are. The lower the standard deviation is, the more uniform the data are in their values.
statistics - a collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.
stock - this is a population of fish of one species found in a particular area, which is used as a basic unit for fisheries management. All of the fish in a stock share similar growth and migration patterns.
stock assessment - a scientific estimate of a stock's biomass and a calculation of TAC's.
Stock Status Report (SSR) - scientific research study of the state of a fish species (its history, recruitment, biomass estimates, etc.) that will help determine a responsible and effective Conservation Harvesting Plan.
sublittoral - water depth of 60 m extending out to 200 m, ... beyond the extent of low tide.
substrate - base on which a plant or animal lives; soils or sediments.
subtidal - water zone found below the low tide zone.
succession - gradual process by which the species composition of a community changes.
surveys and samples - Researchers get information on the numbers and biomass of fish from various surveys and samples, including commercial catch statistics. These feed into different data bases, which provide the main information for stock assessment.
suspension - floating particles throughout the water column.
sustainable yield or surplus production - the catch that you could take from a stock year after year, without changing its biomass.
T
table - a form or design that is sued to collect and organize data.
TAC - Total Allowable Catch. This is the total tonnage of fish allowed to be caught from a given stock in a given year.
tidal range - measured difference between low and high tide, vertically taken.
tide - daily rising and falling of the ocean caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and, to a lesser extent, the sun on the Earth.
tomalley - green-coloured liver used to flavour spreads and sauces.
tombolo - a sand or gravel bar connecting different parts of the mainland or a mainland with an island.
transect - imaginary line through a community designed to study the different types and numbers of species across an area. Species are counted and identified within a standard quadrant.
trap - a cage-like structure used to catch lobster alive.
trip limit - a maximum catch that each boat is allowed to bring back from any one trip.
U
upwelling - process of bringing water from the bottom to the surface.
V
variable - a characteristic of a population that can take different values.
virgin stock - a stock in its natural condition before anyone has fished it.
VPA - one type of Sequential Population Analysis or SPA.
W
wave - movement of water caused by the wind or currents.
weight-at-age - the average weights of the fish in each age class of a particular stock.
X
Y
year class - the fish in a stock spawned in a particular year.
yield - yield is another word for catch.
yield-per-recruit - under different levels of fishing effort, a year class of fish will give different yields. Yield-per-recruit models show the equilibrium yield per fish recruited in a year class.
Z
zonation - distribution of organisms along a gradient, as in rocky shore.
zooplankton - animals-members of the plankton, that feed on phytoplankton, and include fish larvae, jellyfish, etc. They can have extensive vertical patterns.
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